Tetrachlorobisphenol A inhibits steroidogenesis in pubertal rat Leydig cells through disruption of copper homeostasis.
Whether the flame retardant tetrachlorobisphenol A disrupts testosterone production through copper-related damage.
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Study summaries
What was tested, what changed, and what the evidence cannot tell us. Each summary links to the original research and states whether it is based on an abstract or full paper.
165 completed summaries · Newest publications first · Summaries are not formal quality appraisals.
Search and filter the research →Aromatase inhibitors as endocrine modulators: from breast cancer therapy to male off-label use and doping practice.
A review of aromatase inhibitors and their hormone, health and performance effects in men.
Read summary →Prior GLP-1RA or Tirzepatide Use and Early Cardiorenal Outcomes After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.
Retrospective comparison of prior GLP-1 medicine or tirzepatide use versus no prior use before bariatric surgery.
Read summary →Serum Prostate-Specific Antigen Concentrations in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Comparative Analysis of Hirsute and Non-Hirsute Phenotypes.
Whether blood levels of prostate-specific antigen differed between women with polycystic ovary syndrome who had excess hair growth and those who did not.
Read summary →Age-Dependent Directional Reversal of Total Testosterone Associations across the Phenome in NHANES 2011–2023
The researchers examined whether links between testosterone levels and disease change with age.
Read summary →Comparative effects of central and peripheral PDE10A inhibition on weight gain following semaglutide cessation in diet-induced obese mice
Whether PDE10A inhibitors could limit weight gain, including after stopping semaglutide.
Read summary →Intermittent enzalutamide in recurrent prostate cancer: testosterone kinetics and related toxicity.
Whether testosterone changes tracked breast enlargement during intermittent enzalutamide treatment for recurrent prostate cancer.
Read summary →The Impact of Common Medications on Male Fertility: An Updated Systematic Review.
An updated systematic review of commonly used medicines and male reproductive outcomes.
Read summary →In vivo evidence for Urotensin II as a regulator of reproduction in GIFT tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus).
How the peptide urotensin II regulates reproductive signaling and gonadal development in tilapia.
Read summary →Resistance training performed under a partial range of motion elicits favorable hormonal responses in untrained young men.
Acute hormone and metabolic responses to full versus partial range-of-motion resistance exercise.
Read summary →Amphora Coffeaeformis Extract as a Novel Therapeutic Agent against Gamma Radiation-Induced Infertility in Male Rats.
Whether an Amphora coffeaeformis algal extract improved reproductive injury after gamma radiation.
Read summary →Testosterone monitoring and supplementation in patients with intermediate- or high-risk prostate cancer treated with 6-36 months of androgen deprivation therapy and radiotherapy: a systematic literature review.
A systematic review of testosterone monitoring, recovery and replacement after androgen-deprivation therapy plus radiotherapy for prostate cancer.
Read summary →Tirzepatide for pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia in a GH/TSH-producing pituitary adenoma/PitNET: a case report and literature review.
Tirzepatide for high blood glucose that developed during pasireotide treatment for a hormone-producing pituitary tumor.
Read summary →Improvement of small fiber neuropathy assessed by corneal confocal microscopy following semaglutide treatment: a case report and literature review.
Changes in small nerve fibers and neuropathy measurements after semaglutide treatment.
Read summary →Postoperative outcomes after total knee arthroplasty in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients receiving semaglutide versus tirzepatide: a propensity score-matched national research network analysis.
A retrospective comparison of short-term outcomes after knee replacement among people prescribed semaglutide versus tirzepatide.
Read summary →Mitochondrial homeostasis in musculoskeletal diseases: From pathogenic mechanisms to precision therapies.
A review of mitochondrial dysfunction and potential targeted treatments in musculoskeletal disease.
Read summary →International expert panel review for the use of resmetirom and semaglutide in the management of MASH-related fibrosis: clinical practice update.
An expert-panel review of resmetirom and semaglutide in metabolic liver disease with significant fibrosis.
Read summary →Rethinking gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist suppression test: why it should be a gonadotropin releasing hormone antagonist suppression test.
A hypothesis paper proposing GnRH antagonists instead of agonists for diagnostic sex-hormone suppression testing.
Read summary →Oxymetholone-Associated Cholestatic Drug-Induced Liver Injury With Profound Hyperbilirubinaemia: A Longitudinal Case Report.
A case report of severe bile-flow-related liver injury after self-administered oxymetholone with testosterone enanthate.
Read summary →Anti-Müllerian Hormone and Metabolic Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study with Age-Stratified Analysis and BMI Mediation
Whether anti-Müllerian hormone adds information about metabolic risk in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Read summary →Side effects of lower dose compounded semaglutide paired with a behavioral management program: A real-world retrospective study
Whether a lower-dose compounded semaglutide program was associated with fewer reported side effects than a higher-dose program during the first 16 weeks.
Read summary →4-Phenylbutyric acid alleviates acrylamide-induced sexual behavioral deficits and testicular damage in male Wistar rats: modulation of ER-stress associated signaling.
Whether 4-phenylbutyric acid reduced reproductive damage caused by acrylamide exposure in male rats.
Read summary →Comparative outcomes for tirzepatide versus glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a national propensity matched study.
A retrospective US database study compared tirzepatide with other GLP-1 receptor agonists for inflammatory bowel disease outcomes over 18 months.
Read summary →Sex and age differences in antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are mediated by estrogenic upregulation of NF-κB and TNF signaling in B cells.
Researchers examined age and sex differences in immune responses to seasonal influenza vaccination.
Read summary →Fall of the Titans: Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Use in a Patient With a TTN Truncating Variant.
A case report described severe heart failure alongside nonprescription testosterone and aromatase-inhibitor use and an underlying genetic finding.
Read summary →CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS OF INCRETIN RECEPTOR AGONISTS: BEYOND GLYCEMIC CONTROL.
A review of cardiovascular research on single, dual and triple incretin-receptor agonists, including effects beyond blood-sugar control.
Read summary →Tirzepatide and oral progestogens: A hypothesis-generating review of a biologically plausible pharmacokinetic interaction in gynaecologic disease control and menopausal hormone therapy.
A narrative review examined whether tirzepatide changes absorption of oral progestogens used for gynaecologic conditions or menopausal hormone therapy.
Read summary →Increased Energy Expenditure through Intermittent Cold Exposure Does Not Enhance Tirzepatide Induced Weight-loss in Obese Mice.
An experiment tested whether intermittent cold exposure added to tirzepatide's effects on weight and blood-sugar regulation.
Read summary →Influence of the menstrual cycle and sex hormones on the response to genotoxic stress in human cells.
Researchers tested how menstrual phase and sex hormones relate to cells' responses to DNA damage.
Read summary →Carbon Emission Impact of Semaglutide in People with Obesity in the UK Using a Disease Modelling Approach.
A lifetime disease model compared semaglutide plus diet and exercise with diet and exercise alone, estimating health outcomes and carbon emissions.
Read summary →Bone health in older men.
A review of osteoporosis risk, screening and treatment in older men.
Read summary →Low-Concentration Sucrose Intake During Puberty Alters Cholesterol Metabolism and Circulating Testosterone Levels in Male Mice
Researchers examined cholesterol metabolism and testosterone after sugar exposure during mouse puberty.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Suicidality in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
A meta-analysis compared semaglutide with placebo in adults with overweight or obesity, with or without type 2 diabetes. Death by suicide was primary; attempts, thoughts and overall suicidal events were secondary outcomes.
Read summary →Why Do Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Lose Less Weight on GLP-1s? A Mathematical Modeling Analysis
A mathematical model explored why people with type 2 diabetes may lose less weight during semaglutide treatment.
Read summary →Mapping sex-specific hormone–metabolite coupling in the adolescent brain: a longitudinal whole-brain spectroscopic imaging study
An observational study tracked associations between blood steroid hormones and brain chemistry during adolescence.
Read summary →Weight loss with a lower dose compounded semaglutide and behavioral weight management program: A real-world matched retrospective cohort study
A 16-week retrospective study compared a behavioural weight-management programme alone with programmes including lower or higher amounts of compounded semaglutide.
Read summary →Current and forthcoming pharmacotherapies for adolescent obesity: Evidence-based review.
A short review examined current and emerging medicines for adolescent obesity.
Read summary →Associations of dietary proteins with serum total testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin concentrations in middle-aged men.
A cross-sectional study examined associations between dietary protein sources, testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin.
Read summary →Tirzepatide and the Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: An Updated Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials.
A meta-analysis compared abnormal heart rhythms in randomized trials of tirzepatide versus placebo for overweight or obesity.
Read summary →Effects of nandrolone decanoate on lean body mass and anemia in adults with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
A full-text systematic review and meta-analysis combined randomized trials of intramuscular nandrolone decanoate versus placebo, standard care, erythropoietin, exercise or other controls in adults with chronic kidney disease.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Tirzepatide for the treatment of MASH: What Works, What's Coming, and What's Missing.
A review assessed semaglutide and tirzepatide research in metabolic fatty liver disease and its inflammatory form, MASH.
Read summary →Effects of Walnut Supplementation on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Levels in Healthy Volunteers
A walnut-intake study measured stool metabolites and explored their relationship with the microbial metabolite urolithin A.
Read summary →Gender Minority Stress, Testosterone, and Blood Pressure Responses to Stress in Transgender and Nonbinary Adults.
An observational study examined relationships between testosterone, gender-minority stress and blood-pressure responses to brief physical and psychological stress.
Read summary →Tirzepatide Benefit for Early Glycemic and Weight Management in People with T2D in Japan: Rationale, Design, and Baseline Characteristics of T-BEAT Study.
T-BEAT is an ongoing observational comparison of tirzepatide and oral semaglutide in early type 2 diabetes in Japan. The primary outcome is average blood-sugar change over up to 12 months.
Read summary →The Neuroendocrine-Cardiovascular Axis in Chronic Kidney Disease: the role of prolactinand gonadal dysfunction.
An overview explored links between prolactin excess, sex-hormone disturbances and cardiovascular problems in chronic kidney disease.
Read summary →Association of tirzepatide with reverse cardiac remodeling and improved diastolic function in obesity-related HFpEF: A prospective real-world cohort study.
A prospective observational study tracked heart structure and function after tirzepatide was started in routine care.
Read summary →Testosterone-Related Voice Change in Cisgender Women: A Survey of Prescribers and Voice Clinicians.
A cross-sectional survey asked prescribers and voice clinicians about suspected testosterone-related voice changes in cisgender women.
Read summary →Investigating associations between cortisol, testosterone and emotion regulation in healthy young men.
An observational experiment examined whether baseline cortisol and testosterone relate to how effectively men reinterpret negative emotional images.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: Current Evidence on Risk, Progression, and Mechanisms
A narrative review examined semaglutide and papillary thyroid cancer, including cancer development, progression and laboratory mechanisms.
Read summary →Emerging Therapeutic Strategies for Infantile Obesity: A Narrative Review
A narrative review examined behavioural, family, psychological and medication approaches to childhood obesity.
Read summary →Semaglutide engages distinct brainstem-to-hypothalamus circuits to suppress motivated feeding and regulate ketogenesis and energy expenditure
Neural-pathway experiments examined how semaglutide-responsive brain circuits influence feeding, ketone production and energy use.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: Notoriety Bias or True Ocular Toxicity?
Researchers examined whether reports linking semaglutide to a type of optic-nerve injury reflected reporting patterns or drug effects.
Read summary →Low testosterone promotes anxiety through astrocytic mitochondrial remodelling at the nucleus accumbens blood-brain barrier
An animal experiment tested whether testosterone changes anxiety-like behaviour through brain-support cells and the blood–brain barrier.
Read summary →Comparative Analysis of Metabolic and Developmental Changes Across Reproductive Stages in Breeding Pigeons.
A physiology study compared metabolic, hormone and reproductive-organ changes across breeding stages in pigeons.
Read summary →Selenium nanoparticles mitigated hepatic damage and genotoxicity, testicular and renal damage in rats intoxicated with aflatoxins.
An animal experiment tested whether selenium nanoparticles reduced liver, kidney and reproductive harm from aflatoxin.
Read summary →Postnatal expression of phoenixin-14 and GPR173 gene and protein in the mice testis and its effect on steroidogenesis in the early stage.
Laboratory work examined how phoenixin-14 affects testosterone secretion.
Read summary →Anthropometric, functional and lifestyle-related factors associated with testosterone levels among middle-aged men in Uzbekistan: protocol for a population-based cross-sectional study.
A protocol describes a planned cross-sectional study of body measurements, physical function and lifestyle factors associated with testosterone.
Read summary →Strengthening muscle for healthy ageing: innovative treatments for sarcopenia.
An overview discussed experimental treatments for sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
Read summary →Sleep disorders and male sexual dysfunction: a meta-analysis of hormonal and erectile outcomes.
A meta-analysis examined relationships between sleep disorders, erectile function and hormone levels.
Read summary →Association of Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide with Risk of Asthma Exacerbation in Patients with Asthma and Type 2 Diabetes: A US Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.
A retrospective US study compared tirzepatide and semaglutide for asthma flare-ups in adults with asthma and type 2 diabetes.
Read summary →Rising Use of Unapproved BPC-157 (“Wolverine Peptide”) and Associated Patient-Reported Outcomes Curated from Clinical Notes
Researchers used physician-checked automated extraction of US clinical notes from 2020–2026 to describe BPC-157 use and reported outcomes.
Read summary →From Prescription to Understanding: Medil AI, a Multilingual Mobile Platform for Medication Information, Pill Reminders, Adherence Support, and Between-Visit Communication
A design report described a multilingual phone app for medication information, reminders and record-keeping.
Read summary →HIF-1 plays a dual regulatory role in hippocampal neuronal PANoptosis in Alzheimer's disease via the HK2/VDAC1/NLRP3 axis and RIPK3 signaling.
Researchers investigated a combined cell-death process in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model, including how semaglutide affects the process.
Read summary →Rooftop Breeding Does Not Consistently Explain Variation in Yolk Testosterone in Herring Gulls.
A field study compared egg-yolk testosterone in rooftop- and ground-nesting herring gulls.
Read summary →Repeated systemic β-NGF administration improves ejaculate characteristics in rams.
An experiment tested whether repeated beta-nerve growth factor administration changed semen characteristics in rams.
Read summary →Multidimensional Voice Outcomes in Cisgender Women Following Exogenous Testosterone Therapy.
Retrospective comparison of voice assessments in women reporting voice changes after testosterone therapy and untreated women without voice problems.
Read summary →Analysis of reproductive behavior in male pigeons in the White Mirthys and Egyptian Baladi breeds injected with testosterone propionate.
Randomized animal experiment comparing testosterone propionate injections in male pigeons with vehicle injections.
Read summary →Efficacy of icariin in polycystic ovary syndrome: Cathepsin S as a key target revealed by computational and experimental evidence.
Combined computer analyses and an animal experiment investigating icariin in polycystic ovary syndrome.
Read summary →Liraglutide Attenuates Hepatocyte Ferroptosis in an In Vitro Model of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease.
This 48-hour cell experiment compared untreated HepG2 liver cells, free-fatty-acid-treated cells, and fatty-acid-treated cells exposed to liraglutide. It measured cellular lipids, oxidative-stress markers, iron, and antioxidant activity.
Read summary →Broad-Spectrum Recombinant Antibody Profiled by Hapten Prediction and Its Application in Immunoassay for Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids.
Laboratory development of a rapid test to detect six anabolic-androgenic steroids in food.
Read summary →Mechanism of Kushen Tongguan Pill on benign prostatic hyperplasia: roles of TLR4/NF-κB pathway and macrophage M1 polarization.
A preclinical study tested Kushen Tongguan Pill in testosterone-propionate-induced benign prostatic hyperplasia and examined inflammatory signaling.
Read summary →Management of non-medical androgen use: A position statement by the Society for Endocrinology.
A Society for Endocrinology position statement summarizes evidence on non-medical androgen use, health consequences, recovery after cessation, and management.
Read summary →Longitudinal Changes in Competitive Performance in Elite 46,XY DSD Runners During Prolonged Testosterone Suppression.
A retrospective longitudinal study examined official competitive performance during prolonged testosterone suppression in elite runners with androgen-sensitive differences of sex development.
Read summary →Efficacy and safety of retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist, in people with type 2 diabetes and inadequate glycaemic control with diet and exercise (TRANSCEND-T2D-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.
Randomized, double-blind phase 3 trial compared weekly retatrutide with placebo for 40 weeks. The primary outcome was HbA1c, a blood-sugar marker; weight change was secondary.
Read summary →An orally active estrogen receptor-related receptor agonist, SLU-PP-915, enhances aerobic exercise capacity.
SLU-PP-915, an orally active compound that activates energy-regulating ERR receptors, was tested for exercise-related effects.
Read summary →Effects of retatrutide on body composition in people with type 2 diabetes: a substudy of a phase 2, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, randomised trial.
A randomized, double-blind phase 2 substudy in adults with type 2 diabetes compared retatrutide with placebo and dulaglutide. Its primary outcome was total fat-mass change measured by body-composition scans over 36 weeks.
Read summary →Phase 3 Trial of Semaglutide in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis.
Phase 3 randomized trial comparing semaglutide with placebo for metabolic fatty liver inflammation and scarring.
Read summary →The Effect of Retatrutide on Kidney Parameters in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and/or Obesity.
A kidney-safety analysis reported kidney impairment, dehydration and low blood pressure. One retatrutide participant had serious acute kidney injury, possibly secondary to COVID-19.
Read summary →Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized trial comparing oral semaglutide with placebo alongside standard care for cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Read summary →Tirzepatide for Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity.
Randomized trial comparing tirzepatide with placebo for cardiovascular death or worsening heart failure, and patient-reported health status.
Read summary →EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD): Executive Summary.
This full-text EASL-EASD-EASO guideline updated definitions, screening, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment recommendations for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.
Read summary →Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Persons with Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis.
A double-blind randomized trial tested weekly semaglutide plus lifestyle counseling versus placebo for obesity with painful knee osteoarthritis.
Read summary →Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity.
A propensity-matched observational cohort compared on-treatment weight loss and gastrointestinal adverse events among adults receiving tirzepatide or semaglutide in routine care.
Read summary →Semaglutide versus placebo in patients with heart failure and mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the SELECT, FLOW, STEP-HFpEF, and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials.
A post-hoc pooled participant-level analysis combined four randomized placebo-controlled semaglutide trials to examine heart-failure events.
Read summary →Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Patients Prescribed Semaglutide.
A retrospective matched cohort assessed whether prescribed semaglutide was associated with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
Read summary →Tirzepatide for the Treatment of Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Obesity.
Two phase 3 randomized trials comparing tirzepatide with placebo for obstructive sleep apnea and obesity.
Read summary →Triple hormone receptor agonist retatrutide for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized phase 2a trial.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase two substudy tested once-weekly retatrutide for reducing liver fat.
Read summary →Tirzepatide for Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatohepatitis with Liver Fibrosis.
Phase 2 randomized trial comparing three tirzepatide doses with placebo for metabolic fatty liver inflammation and scarring.
Read summary →EASL-EASD-EASO Clinical Practice Guidelines on the management of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD).
Clinical guideline covering prevention, diagnosis and treatment of fatty liver disease linked to metabolic risk factors.
Read summary →Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized comparison of semaglutide with placebo, tracking kidney failure, major kidney-function loss, or kidney-related or cardiovascular death.
Read summary →Long-term weight loss effects of semaglutide in obesity without diabetes in the SELECT trial.
A prespecified SELECT analysis examined long-term weight, body measurements, safety and tolerability with semaglutide versus placebo.
Read summary →Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials.
A prespecified pooled analysis combined individual patient data from two randomized placebo-controlled semaglutide trials in obesity-related HFpEF.
Read summary →Semaglutide in Patients with Obesity-Related Heart Failure and Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized comparison of semaglutide with placebo for symptoms, physical limitations and weight in obesity-related heart failure.
Read summary →What is the pipeline for future medications for obesity?
Review of current and pipeline obesity medicines, emphasizing GLP-1 and combinations with GIP, glucagon, or amylin. It does not report one intervention, comparator, or follow-up period.
Read summary →Continued Treatment With Tirzepatide for Maintenance of Weight Reduction in Adults With Obesity: The SURMOUNT-4 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Randomized withdrawal trial comparing continued tirzepatide with switching to placebo after initial tirzepatide treatment.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Obesity without Diabetes.
Randomized trial comparing semaglutide with placebo for major cardiovascular events.
Read summary →Obesity Management in Adults: A Review.
Clinical review of behavioral, nutritional, exercise, medication and procedural approaches to adult obesity.
Read summary →Tirzepatide after intensive lifestyle intervention in adults with overweight or obesity: the SURMOUNT-3 phase 3 trial.
A double-blind placebo-controlled trial randomized adults after successful intensive lifestyle weight loss to weekly tirzepatide or placebo.
Read summary →Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity.
Randomized comparison of semaglutide with placebo for symptoms, physical limitations and weight in obesity-related heart failure.
Read summary →Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity - A Phase 2 Trial.
A randomized, blinded trial compared retatrutide with placebo for weight loss over 48 weeks.
Read summary →Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity in people with type 2 diabetes (SURMOUNT-2): a double-blind, randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Phase 3 randomized trial comparing two tirzepatide doses with placebo for weight management.
Read summary →Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
OASIS 1 tested daily oral semaglutide 50 mg plus lifestyle intervention against placebo plus lifestyle intervention for 68 weeks.
Read summary →Retatrutide, a GIP, GLP-1 and glucagon receptor agonist, for people with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2 trial conducted in the USA.
The trial compared several weekly retatrutide regimens with placebo and dulaglutide for glucose control and body weight over 24 to 36 weeks.
Read summary →Efficacy and safety of co-administered once-weekly cagrilintide 2·4 mg with once-weekly semaglutide 2·4 mg in type 2 diabetes: a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, active-controlled, phase 2 trial.
A 32-week, double-blind phase 2 trial randomized adults with type 2 diabetes to weekly CagriSema, semaglutide or cagrilintide. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c.
Read summary →An integrated view of anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic targets for the treatment of NASH.
Narrative review integrating metabolic, inflammatory, immune and antifibrotic treatment targets for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and fibrosis.
Read summary →Pharmacotherapy of obesity: an update on the available medications and drugs under investigation.
Evidence review of approved anti-obesity medicines and investigational drugs, updating prior work with Medline and Embase searches.
Read summary →Semaglutide 2·4 mg once weekly in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis-related cirrhosis: a randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial.
A double-blind phase 2 trial compared weekly semaglutide with placebo in NASH-related compensated cirrhosis.
Read summary →Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adolescents with Obesity.
A randomized placebo-controlled trial tested weekly semaglutide plus lifestyle intervention in adolescents with obesity or qualifying overweight.
Read summary →LY3437943, a novel triple GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon receptor agonist in people with type 2 diabetes: a phase 1b, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, multiple-ascending dose trial.
A 12-week randomized, double-blind phase 1b trial in adults with type 2 diabetes compared ascending retatrutide doses with placebo and dulaglutide. Safety and tolerability were primary outcomes; glucose, weight and drug-processing measures were secondary.
Read summary →Two-year effects of semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity: the STEP 5 trial.
Randomized comparison of semaglutide with placebo for long-term weight management, with behavioral intervention in both groups.
Read summary →Tirzepatide, a dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes with unmatched effectiveness regrading glycaemic control and body weight reduction.
This full-text narrative review and secondary analysis synthesized preclinical work, phase 2 data, and the SURPASS 1-5 trials of tirzepatide for type 2 diabetes.
Read summary →LY3437943, a novel triple glucagon, GIP, and GLP-1 receptor agonist for glycemic control and weight loss: From discovery to clinical proof of concept.
Discovery research assessed LY3437943, later known as retatrutide, a peptide activating glucagon, GIP and GLP-1 receptors, through laboratory experiments, obese-mouse studies and an early phase 1 single-dose study.
Read summary →Tirzepatide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Obesity.
Phase 3 randomized trial comparing three studied tirzepatide doses with placebo for weight loss.
Read summary →Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension.
Exploratory follow-up after semaglutide or placebo and the accompanying lifestyle intervention were stopped.
Read summary →Effect of tirzepatide versus insulin degludec on liver fat content and abdominal adipose tissue in people with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3 MRI): a substudy of the randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 SURPASS-3 trial.
Randomized, open-label phase 3 substudy comparing weekly tirzepatide with daily titrated insulin degludec for liver fat and abdominal adipose tissue.
Read summary →Effect of Subcutaneous Tirzepatide vs Placebo Added to Titrated Insulin Glargine on Glycemic Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SURPASS-5 Randomized Clinical Trial.
SURPASS-5 tested once-weekly tirzepatide versus placebo added to titrated insulin glargine over forty weeks.
Read summary →Effect of Urolithin A Supplementation on Muscle Endurance and Mitochondrial Health in Older Adults: A Randomized Clinical Trial.
A blinded, randomized trial tested urolithin A against placebo for walking ability, muscle endurance and cellular energy production.
Read summary →Effect of Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Daily Liraglutide on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity Without Diabetes: The STEP 8 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Randomized comparison of weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg with daily liraglutide 3.0 mg for weight loss, alongside diet and physical activity.
Read summary →Tirzepatide versus insulin glargine in type 2 diabetes and increased cardiovascular risk (SURPASS-4): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, multicentre, phase 3 trial.
SURPASS-4 randomized adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk to once-weekly tirzepatide or titrated insulin glargine.
Read summary →Once-weekly tirzepatide versus once-daily insulin degludec as add-on to metformin with or without SGLT2 inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-3): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group, phase 3 trial.
SURPASS-3 compared once-weekly tirzepatide with daily, treat-to-target insulin degludec.
Read summary →Efficacy and safety of a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist tirzepatide in patients with type 2 diabetes (SURPASS-1): a double-blind, randomised, phase 3 trial.
A double-blind randomized phase 3 trial compared once-weekly tirzepatide at three doses with placebo as monotherapy in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Read summary →Tirzepatide versus Semaglutide Once Weekly in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized comparison of three tirzepatide doses with semaglutide 1 mg for blood sugar control.
Read summary →Healthy Weight Loss Maintenance with Exercise, Liraglutide, or Both Combined.
This randomized, placebo-controlled trial compared exercise, liraglutide, their combination, and placebo for one year after an eight-week low-calorie diet.
Read summary →Effect of Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo as an Adjunct to Intensive Behavioral Therapy on Body Weight in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 3 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Randomized trial comparing semaglutide with placebo, both with intensive behavioral therapy and an initial low-calorie diet.
Read summary →Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity: The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial.
Randomized withdrawal trial comparing continued semaglutide with switching to placebo, with lifestyle intervention in both groups.
Read summary →Semaglutide 2·4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial.
Phase 3 randomized trial comparing two semaglutide doses with placebo, alongside lifestyle intervention, for weight management.
Read summary →Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity.
Randomized trial testing semaglutide versus placebo, both alongside lifestyle intervention, over 68 weeks.
Read summary →A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.
Phase 2 randomized trial comparing daily semaglutide with placebo for fatty liver inflammation and scarring.
Read summary →Tirzepatide is an imbalanced and biased dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist.
This full-text mechanistic study tested tirzepatide signaling and receptor occupancy using engineered human receptor cell lines and isolated mouse pancreatic islets.
Read summary →A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Liraglutide for Adolescents with Obesity.
Randomized double-blind trial of daily liraglutide 3.0 mg versus placebo, both with lifestyle therapy, for 56 weeks followed by 26 weeks off treatment.
Read summary →Semaglutide lowers body weight in rodents via distributed neural pathways.
This preclinical study examined how semaglutide affected food intake, food preference, body weight, brain access and neural signaling.
Read summary →Advances in oral peptide therapeutics.
This review described barriers to oral peptide delivery and strategies including permeation enhancers, gut-enzyme inhibitors, and mucus- or cell-penetrating peptides.
Read summary →Oral Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized safety trial comparing oral semaglutide with placebo for cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Read summary →Efficacy and safety of LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist, in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, placebo-controlled and active comparator-controlled phase 2 trial.
Double-blind phase 2 trial comparing weekly LY3298176, now known as tirzepatide, at four doses with dulaglutide or placebo.
Read summary →LY3298176, a novel dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus: From discovery to clinical proof of concept.
A full-text phase 1 program tested the dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist LY3298176 in cells and mice, then in randomized, double-blind human studies against placebo; dulaglutide was an active control in healthy participants. Safety and tolerability were primary.
Read summary →Efficacy and safety of semaglutide compared with liraglutide and placebo for weight loss in patients with obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo and active controlled, dose-ranging, phase 2 trial.
A 52-week, randomized, double-blind phase 2 trial compared five once-daily semaglutide doses with liraglutide and matched placebo, alongside diet and physical-activity counseling. Percentage weight loss at week 52 was the primary outcome.
Read summary →Testosterone Therapy in Men With Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.
An Endocrine Society task force updated its clinical practice guideline on diagnosing, treating, and monitoring hypogonadism in men.
Read summary →Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy.
A randomized, double-blind trial compared intravenous elamipretide with placebo. The primary outcome was change in six-minute walking distance after five days.
Read summary →Incretin hormones: Their role in health and disease.
An abstract-based overview explained how the gut peptides GIP and GLP-1 contribute to the incretin response and relate to type 2 diabetes, obesity and incretin-based medicines.
Read summary →Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial.
SUSTAIN 7 was a randomized, open-label phase 3b trial comparing weekly semaglutide with dulaglutide; HbA1c and body weight were assessed at week 40.
Read summary →Liraglutide and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
This prespecified secondary analysis of the randomized LEADER trial compared liraglutide with placebo, added to usual care, for a composite kidney outcome.
Read summary →Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized cardiovascular-safety trial comparing semaglutide with placebo, tracking cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Read summary →Liraglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes.
Randomized trial comparing liraglutide with placebo alongside standard care, tracking cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Read summary →Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men.
Three linked trials compared testosterone gel with placebo for one year, assessing sexual function, walking performance and vitality.
Read summary →Liraglutide safety and efficacy in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (LEAN): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled phase 2 study.
A randomized phase 2 trial tested daily subcutaneous liraglutide versus placebo for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis over the treatment period.
Read summary →Oral enclomiphene citrate raises testosterone and preserves sperm counts in obese hypogonadal men, unlike topical testosterone: restoration instead of replacement.
Two randomized, double-blind, double-dummy phase III studies compared two oral enclomiphene doses with topical testosterone gel; the studies were placebo-controlled.
Read summary →Discovery of the Once-Weekly Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Analogue Semaglutide.
This preclinical discovery program sought a once-weekly GLP-1 analogue with stronger albumin binding and stability against metabolic degradation.
Read summary →Efficacy of Liraglutide for Weight Loss Among Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: The SCALE Diabetes Randomized Clinical Trial.
This 56-week randomized, double-blind trial compared daily liraglutide 3.0 mg, liraglutide 1.8 mg, and placebo; every group also received a calorie deficit and increased physical activity.
Read summary →A Randomized, Controlled Trial of 3.0 mg of Liraglutide in Weight Management.
Randomized trial comparing liraglutide with placebo for weight loss, with lifestyle counseling in both groups.
Read summary →The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance.
Discovery research identified MOTS-c, a mitochondrial peptide, and investigated its cellular actions and metabolic effects.
Read summary →Effect of tesamorelin on visceral fat and liver fat in HIV-infected patients with abdominal fat accumulation: a randomized clinical trial.
A double-blind randomized trial compared tesamorelin with placebo for six months. Primary outcomes were visceral abdominal fat and liver fat.
Read summary →Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update.
This update describes the biology of human visceral obesity, its cardiometabolic associations, and possible management approaches.
Read summary →Selective androgen receptor modulator, YK11, regulates myogenic differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts by follistatin expression.
The study examined how YK-11 affects muscle-cell development and follistatin, a protein involved in muscle biology.
Read summary →Five-year outcomes after oxandrolone administration in severely burned children: a randomized clinical trial of safety and efficacy.
A single-center randomized trial compared one year of oxandrolone with placebo after severe burns, with follow-up for up to four years after therapy. Exercise versus standard care was separately randomized.
Read summary →The promoting effect of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 on tendon healing involves tendon outgrowth, cell survival, and cell migration.
Mechanistic research compared tendon explants and cultured tendon fibroblasts with and without BPC 157 to investigate tendon-healing pathways.
Read summary →Adverse events associated with testosterone administration.
Randomized trial comparing daily testosterone gel with placebo for 6 months, with adverse events and physical performance assessed.
Read summary →Testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency syndromes: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline.
This Endocrine Society clinical-practice guideline addressed evaluation and treatment of androgen-deficiency syndromes in adult men.
Read summary →Metabolic effects of a growth hormone-releasing factor in patients with HIV.
A randomized trial compared tesamorelin injections with placebo for 26 weeks. The primary outcome was abdominal visceral-fat change measured by CT.
Read summary →Long-term treatment with recombinant insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I in children with severe IGF-I deficiency due to growth hormone insensitivity.
A predominantly open-label study assessed recombinant human IGF-I treatment in children with severe IGF-I deficiency due to growth-hormone insensitivity.
Read summary →Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults.
Two randomized, double-blind trials compared long-acting CJC-1295 with placebo, measuring growth hormone, IGF-I and drug-processing characteristics.
Read summary →Testosterone dose-response relationships in healthy young men.
A randomized dose-response experiment compared five testosterone-enanthate groups over 20 weeks after suppressing participants' natural testosterone production. Energy and protein intake were standardized.
Read summary →Thymosin beta4 accelerates wound healing.
Research compared thymosin beta-4 with saline in a rat skin-wound model, alongside laboratory tests of skin-cell migration.
Read summary →Effects of pharmacological doses of nandrolone decanoate and progressive resistance training in immunodeficient patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus.
An open-label randomized study compared nandrolone alone with nandrolone plus supervised resistance training for 12 weeks.
Read summary →The effects of supraphysiologic doses of testosterone on muscle size and strength in normal men.
Randomized trial comparing weekly testosterone enanthate or placebo, each with or without standardized resistance training.
Read summary →Effects of human growth hormone in men over 60 years old.
A controlled study observed older men for six baseline months, then compared growth-hormone treatment with no treatment for six months.
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