Advances in oral peptide therapeutics.

Studied

This review described barriers to oral peptide delivery and strategies including permeation enhancers, gut-enzyme inhibitors, and mucus- or cell-penetrating peptides.

Who / model

It discussed clinical-trial experience with oral insulin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone, vasopressin, and semaglutide; the abstract reported no single population, sample size, or follow-up period.

Studied dose & schedule

Dose and schedule have not yet been extracted for this summary.

Found

The review highlighted oral semaglutide's approval for type 2 diabetes as a landmark advance, while emphasizing that gastrointestinal structure and physiology remain substantial delivery barriers.

Limits

This was a broad review rather than a comparative intervention trial, and the abstract did not provide quantitative efficacy or safety outcomes.

Read summary source ↗ · Prepared 9/22/2026 · AI-assisted, source-based summary