SOURCE-LINKED STUDY SUMMARY
Sex and age differences in antibody responses to seasonal influenza vaccination are mediated by estrogenic upregulation of NF-κB and TNF signaling in B cells.
Abstract summarizedQuality not appraised
- What was studied
- Researchers examined age and sex differences in immune responses to seasonal influenza vaccination.
- Who / model studied
- Adults aged 18–49 received seasonal vaccine; adults aged 75 or older received high-dose vaccine. Responses were studied through 28 days. Sample sizes are not stated.
- Studied dose & schedule
- Dose and schedule have not yet been extracted for this summary.
- What the study found
- Young women had stronger antibody responses to H3N2, but not H1N1, than young men; this difference was absent in older adults. In laboratory tests, estradiol increased antibody-producing cells from young women, but not men. An estrogen-receptor blocker inhibited this cellular effect.
- Limitations & context
- Study limitations were not stated in the abstract. Methodological quality has not been appraised.
Read summary source ↗ · Prepared 9/15/2026 · AI-assisted, source-based summary
Review record & corrections
Summary prepared: . Source scope: abstract. This is an AI-assisted source summary, not an independent clinician sign-off.
No public field-by-field revision history is available for this card yet. The date above is the summary date, not proof that every field was updated then.
Inspect the source · Correction policyResearch findings apply to the population and conditions studied. This educational summary is not a treatment recommendation or a formal assessment of study quality.
Original publication ↗ · DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01435-26