Human-first editorial reading order—not an effectiveness or quality ranking. Design, topic and intervention-candidate labels assist discovery; they are not formal appraisals. Result-direction and sample-size filters only use existing verified metadata; missing values are excluded when those filters are active. Study counts are publications, not unique trials or participants.
Human · Randomized trial · 2026-06-06
Randomized, double-blind phase 3 trial compared weekly retatrutide with placebo for 40 weeks. The primary outcome was HbA1c, a blood-sugar marker; weight change was secondary.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 537 adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet and exercise alone were randomized.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- HbA1c fell 1·69–1·94 percentage points across retatrutide groups versus 0·81 with placebo. Weight fell 11·5–15·3% versus 2·6%. Gastrointestinal events were generally mild or moderate; adverse-event discontinuations were 2–5% versus 0%. No severe low blood sugar occurred. Two deaths were judged unrelated to treatment.
Abstract summarized · Verified intervention · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2025-03-29
Randomized trial comparing oral semaglutide with placebo alongside standard care for cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 9650 adults aged 50 or older with type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or both; median follow-up was 49.5 months.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- The primary cardiovascular outcome occurred in 12.0% versus 13.8%. Confirmatory secondary outcomes, including kidney disease events, did not differ significantly. Serious adverse events occurred in 47.9% versus 50.3%, and digestive disorders in 5.0% versus 4.4%.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2023-06-23
A 32-week, double-blind phase 2 trial randomized adults with type 2 diabetes to weekly CagriSema, semaglutide or cagrilintide. The primary outcome was change in HbA1c.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- The trial included 92 adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI of at least 27 who used metformin, with or without an SGLT2 inhibitor: 31 received CagriSema, 31 semaglutide and 30 cagrilintide.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- HbA1c fell 2.2 percentage points with CagriSema, 1.8 with semaglutide and 0.9 with cagrilintide. CagriSema was superior to cagrilintide, but not semaglutide, for the primary outcome. Weight fell 15.6%, versus 5.1% and 8.1%; gastrointestinal events were usually mild or moderate.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2022-10-27
A 12-week randomized, double-blind phase 1b trial in adults with type 2 diabetes compared ascending retatrutide doses with placebo and dulaglutide. Safety and tolerability were primary outcomes; glucose, weight and drug-processing measures were secondary.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 72 participants received treatment across retatrutide groups, placebo (15 participants) and dulaglutide (five participants).
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- Adverse events affected 63% with retatrutide, 60% with dulaglutide and 54% with placebo; gastrointestinal problems were most common. In the three highest retatrutide groups, HbA1c fell 1·2–1·6 percentage points more than placebo. The highest group lost 8·96 kg more than placebo.
Abstract summarized · Verified intervention · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2021-10-18
SURPASS-4 randomized adults with type 2 diabetes and high cardiovascular risk to once-weekly tirzepatide or titrated insulin glargine.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- Participants had inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes despite oral glucose-lowering medications and established or high cardiovascular risk.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- At one year, tirzepatide lowered HbA1c more than glargine and caused less hypoglycemia; adjudicated cardiovascular events were not increased.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2021-06-27
A double-blind randomized phase 3 trial compared once-weekly tirzepatide at three doses with placebo as monotherapy in adults with type 2 diabetes.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- Adults with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled by diet and exercise, who had not used injectable diabetes therapy, were studied.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- All tirzepatide doses improved HbA1c, fasting glucose, body weight, and target attainment versus placebo. Gastrointestinal events were the most frequent adverse events.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2019-06-11
Randomized safety trial comparing oral semaglutide with placebo for cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 3183 people with type 2 diabetes at high cardiovascular risk; median time in the trial was 15.9 months.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- Primary cardiovascular events occurred in 3.8% versus 4.8%, meeting the trial's safety criterion. Cardiovascular deaths were 0.9% versus 1.9%; nonfatal heart attacks were 2.3% versus 1.9%, and nonfatal strokes 0.8% versus 1.0%. Digestive adverse events led to more treatment discontinuations with oral semaglutide.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2018-10-04
Double-blind phase 2 trial comparing weekly LY3298176, now known as tirzepatide, at four doses with dulaglutide or placebo.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- The study randomized 318 adults with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes; 316 received treatment, and 258 completed 26 weeks of treatment.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- HbA1c reductions were dose-dependent, reaching -1·94% with 15 mg versus -0·06% with placebo and -1·21% with dulaglutide. Weight change ranged from -0·9 kg to -11·3 kg. Gastrointestinal events increased with dose; no severe hypoglycaemia was reported.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Animal · Cell / tissue · Randomized trial · 2018-10-03
A full-text phase 1 program tested the dual GIP/GLP-1 agonist LY3298176 in cells and mice, then in randomized, double-blind human studies against placebo; dulaglutide was an active control in healthy participants. Safety and tolerability were primary.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- A total of 142 people received LY3298176, placebo or dulaglutide: 56 in the single-dose study, 33 healthy participants in the four-week multiple-dose study and 53 people with type 2 diabetes in the proof-of-concept study.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- After four weeks, higher-dose groups with diabetes had lower fasting glucose versus placebo, and several healthy-participant groups lost more weight versus placebo. Gastrointestinal events were dose-dependent and mild to moderate; vomiting limited the single 8 mg dose.
Full paper summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2018-08-16
A 52-week, randomized, double-blind phase 2 trial compared five once-daily semaglutide doses with liraglutide and matched placebo, alongside diet and physical-activity counseling. Percentage weight loss at week 52 was the primary outcome.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- The trial randomized 957 adults without diabetes who had BMI of at least 30 across 71 sites in eight countries.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- Estimated weight loss was 2.3% with placebo, 6.0% to 13.8% across semaglutide groups and 7.8% with liraglutide. Every semaglutide dose outperformed placebo; doses of 0.2 mg or more outperformed liraglutide. Dose-related gastrointestinal symptoms, mainly nausea, were most common.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2017-02-23
A randomized, double-blind human trial compared liraglutide with placebo. The primary outcome was time to type 2 diabetes by 160 weeks.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 2254 adults with prediabetes and obesity, or overweight with additional conditions, were randomized.
- Studied dose & duration
- Participants received subcutaneous liraglutide 3.0 mg or matched placebo daily, alongside reduced-calorie eating and increased activity.
- Finding
- Diabetes was diagnosed during treatment in 2% versus 6%. Weight fell 6.1 versus 1.9 percent at 160 weeks. Serious adverse events occurred in 15% versus 13%.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised
Human · Randomized trial · 2016-09-15
Randomized cardiovascular-safety trial comparing semaglutide with placebo, tracking cardiovascular death, nonfatal heart attack or stroke.
Population, studied exposure & key finding
- Population
- 3297 people with type 2 diabetes, treated for 104 weeks. Most had cardiovascular disease, chronic kidney disease or both.
- Studied dose & duration
- Not extracted or not reported in the reviewed source.
- Finding
- The primary outcome occurred in 6.6% versus 8.9%, meeting the trial's cardiovascular-safety criterion. Cardiovascular death rates were similar. Nonfatal strokes were fewer, but heart attacks showed no statistically clear difference. Kidney complications were fewer, while diabetic-eye complications were more frequent. Serious adverse events were fewer overall, but more participants stopped treatment, mainly for digestive symptoms.
Abstract summarized · Intervention candidate · Summary quality not appraised