What changed, and in whom?
Compare findings, not compound rankings.
| Compound & outcome | Population / model & source scope | Finding & magnitude | Limits & adverse findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| TB-500Recovery2026-09-01 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | A product labeled TB-500 increased median tendon failure load versus control in repaired rat Achilles tendons. Combining it with BPC-157 did not outperform the separate treatments. Open source | Very small groups; product identity and the rat model limit translation. This is not evidence of improved human recovery. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| BPC-157Recovery2026-09-01 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | In a small repaired-rat-Achilles experiment, combining BPC-157 with a product labeled TB-500 did not outperform separate treatment. The BPC-157 versus control mechanical comparison was not significant after adjustment. Open source | Small groups and one injury model limit the conclusion. A nonsignificant result does not settle all questions about the compound. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| MOTS-cMuscle & strength · Body composition2026-05-25 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | In a C26 cancer-cachexia mouse model, MOTS-c preserved quadriceps mass relative to vehicle, without preventing overall body-weight loss. Open source | A cancer-cachexia mouse model does not predict muscle gain in healthy people or effects during GLP-1 treatment. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| RetatrutideWeight loss2026-05-21 | Human 80 weeks; 12 mg; efficacy analysis; sponsor topline report. Treatment-regimen estimate: 25.0%. Sponsor report, not a peer-reviewed publicationQuality appraisal separate | 28.3% reported weight reduction Lilly reported 28.3% average weight reduction at 80 weeks for 12 mg using the efficacy analysis; the treatment-regimen analysis reported 25.0%. Open source | Sponsor-reported topline results. Different analysis assumptions produce different estimates; this was not a direct tirzepatide comparison. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| SLU-PP-915Endurance & energy2025-12-01 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | A chemically distinct ERR agonist showed oral activity and enhanced aerobic exercise capacity in preclinical experiments. Open source | Preclinical oral activity does not establish human oral exposure or clinical benefit, and does not make 915 interchangeable with 332. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TirzepatideWeight loss · Body composition2025-05-11 | Human 72 weeks; maximum tolerated tirzepatide 10/15 mg versus semaglutide 1.7/2.4 mg; adults without diabetes. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | 20.2% weight reduction Average body-weight reduction was 20.2% with tirzepatide and 13.7% with semaglutide at 72 weeks. Open source | Adults with obesity without diabetes; open-label trial. It does not compare all doses or establish an overall winner for every health outcome. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| SemaglutideWeight loss · Body composition2025-05-11 | Human 72 weeks; maximum tolerated semaglutide 1.7/2.4 mg versus tirzepatide 10/15 mg; adults without diabetes. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | 13.7% weight reduction Participants assigned semaglutide lost an average of 13.7% of body weight at 72 weeks, versus 20.2% with tirzepatide. Open source | This result applies to the studied regimens and population. Weight change does not establish preservation of muscle or long-term cardiovascular benefit. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TirzepatideBody composition · Lean mass · Muscle & strength2025-02-25 | Human SURMOUNT-1 DXA substudy: 124 tirzepatide and 36 placebo participants; 72 weeks. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | 10.9% lean-mass reduction At 72 weeks, fat mass fell 33.9% and lean mass 10.9% with pooled tirzepatide doses, versus 8.2% and 2.6% with placebo. About a quarter of the weight lost was lean mass in both groups. Open source | DXA lean mass is not a direct measure of contractile muscle or strength. This was a 160-person substudy, not the full randomized population. Both fat and lean mass declined. These results do not establish muscle preservation. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneHealth tradeoffs2023-12 | Human Topical gel versus placebo; 5,204 men analyzed. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | High-grade prostate cancer occurred in 5 of 2,596 testosterone-treated men and 3 of 2,602 placebo-treated men. The difference was not statistically significant; PSA rose more with testosterone. Open source | Participants at high prostate-cancer risk were excluded. Few events and limited follow-up constrain precision. This is a TRAVERSE analysis, sharing its registration with the cardiovascular report. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| RetatrutideWeight loss · Body composition2023-06-26 | Human 48 weeks; highest-dose group, 12 mg; randomized phase 2 trial, 338 adults. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | 24.2% weight reduction The highest-dose group lost an average of 24.2% of body weight at 48 weeks, versus 2.1% with placebo. Open source | This is a separate trial from SURMOUNT-5. Its percentages cannot establish superiority to tirzepatide or semaglutide. Gastrointestinal events and heart-rate increases were reported. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneHeart & metabolic health · Health tradeoffs · Hormones & delivery2023-06-16 | Human 1.62% gel targeting 350–750 ng/dL; mean treatment 21.7 months, follow-up 33 months. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | The primary cardiovascular event occurred in 7.0% with testosterone and 7.3% with placebo. The trial met its prespecified noninferiority criterion. Open source | 5,246 men aged 45–80 with low testosterone and existing or increased cardiovascular risk. Results do not establish safety at higher exposures or across all formulations. Atrial fibrillation, acute kidney injury and pulmonary embolism occurred more often in the testosterone group. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| SLU-PP-332Endurance & energy · Muscle & strength2023-03-29 | Animal Mouse and cell experiments; not a human intervention trial. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | ERR activation increased respiration in muscle cells and improved running endurance in mice. Open source | Human exposure, effectiveness and safety are unresolved by this experiment. Exercise-like signaling does not establish human muscle growth. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| Urolithin AEndurance & energy · Muscle & strength2022-01-20 | Human Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | A randomized trial in older adults found improvements in muscle-endurance measures; between-group differences in the primary walking-distance and ATP-production endpoints were not significant. Open source | A selective positive endpoint cannot stand in for success across all outcomes or populations. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| SemaglutideWeight loss2022-01-11 | Human 338 adults; semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly versus liraglutide 3 mg daily. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | 15.8% weight reduction Mean weight reduction was 15.8% with semaglutide and 6.4% with liraglutide at 68 weeks. Open source | Open-label comparison in adults without diabetes; other doses and outcomes need separate evidence. Gastrointestinal events were common in both groups. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| LiraglutideWeight loss2022-01-11 | Human Daily liraglutide 3 mg versus weekly semaglutide 2.4 mg. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | 6.4% weight reduction Mean weight reduction was 6.4%, versus 15.8% with semaglutide at 68 weeks. Open source | These results apply to the tested regimens in adults without diabetes. Treatment discontinuation for any reason: 27.6% versus 13.5% with semaglutide. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| BimagrumabBody composition · Lean mass · Muscle & strength · Weight loss2021-01 | Human 48 weeks; IV bimagrumab every 4 weeks, with diet and exercise counseling in both groups. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | At 48 weeks, fat mass changed by −20.5% with bimagrumab versus −0.5% with placebo; lean mass changed by +3.6% versus −0.8%. Open source | 75 adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity were randomized; 58 completed. This was not a GLP combination trial and does not establish preserved strength. The report analyzed treatment completers, which can affect interpretation. The abstract provides limited adverse-event detail. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| BAM15Weight loss · Heart & metabolic health2020-05-13 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | BAM15 increased nutrient oxidation and reduced adiposity in a diet-induced obesity mouse model. Open source | The efficacy and exposure window in mice does not establish a safe or effective human intervention. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| 5-Amino-1MQWeight loss · Heart & metabolic health2017-11-15 | Animal Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | 5-Amino-1MQ inhibited NNMT in adipocytes; treatment reduced body weight and adiposity in a high-fat-diet mouse model. Open source | The mouse findings do not establish human fat loss, oral exposure or a predictable human effect size. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneCognition & sleep · Mood & sexual function2017-02-21 | Human Daily gel versus placebo for 1 year; men aged 65 or older. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | In the 493-person memory-impaired subgroup, testosterone did not significantly improve verbal memory, visual memory, executive function or spatial ability versus placebo. Open source | Older men with low testosterone and age-associated memory impairment; this does not resolve every cognitive question in younger adults. This report shares the Testosterone Trials registration with other reports; it is not an independent trial population. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneMood & sexual function · Endurance & energy2016-02-18 | Human Testosterone gel versus placebo for 1 year, titrated toward young-adult normal levels. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | Sexual activity, desire and erectile function improved. Mood improved slightly, but the primary fatigue measure showed no significant benefit. Open source | 790 symptomatic men aged 65 or older with low testosterone. Results do not predict responses in younger men or at higher exposures. The study was too small to settle uncommon safety outcomes. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneBody composition · Hormones & delivery · Mood & sexual function2013-09-12 | Human 400 men across two cohorts; 16 weeks; gel and controlled suppression. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | Under experimental hormone suppression, androgen deficiency accounted for loss of lean mass, muscle size and strength. Estrogen deficiency mainly accounted for increased body fat; both contributed to reduced sexual function. Open source | Healthy men received hormone suppression and graded gel doses, with or without anastrozole. This does not define an optimal estradiol target during routine treatment. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| YK-11Muscle & strength2013-09 | Cell / tissue Population details are not extracted in this reading note. Open the source. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | In mouse-derived C2C12 cells, YK11 increased follistatin expression and myogenic differentiation. Blocking follistatin reduced that response. Open source | Cell differentiation is not a measured increase in human muscle mass or strength. Exposure and downstream effects in people remain separate questions. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneMuscle & strength · Hormones & delivery2012-03-07 | Human Healthy men aged 18–50; 20 weeks of graded testosterone enanthate with dutasteride or placebo. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | Fat-free mass and strength responses to graded testosterone did not differ significantly when DHT production was suppressed with dutasteride. Open source | 139 men were randomized and 102 completed. This suppression study does not test whether adding DHT improves cognition, motivation or muscle growth. A nonsignificant difference is not proof that DHT has no physiological role or that blocking it has no tradeoffs. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| IbutamorenBody composition · Lean mass · Muscle & strength2008-11-04 | Human 65 adults aged 60–81; randomized, placebo-controlled study. Reading scope not recordedQuality appraisal separate | A randomized trial in older adults increased GH, IGF-1 and fat-free mass, without improving strength or physical function. Open source | Older adults differ from young trained athletes; appetite, edema and glucose-related effects matter to interpretation. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
| TestosteroneMuscle & strength · Body composition · Lean mass · Hormones & delivery2001-12 | Human 20 weeks; weekly enanthate with a GnRH agonist. These are experimental regimens. Abstract reviewedQuality appraisal separate | Across graded testosterone exposures, fat-free mass, muscle size and strength increased with dose. Mood and sexual function did not significantly change at any dose. Open source | 61 healthy men aged 18–35; endogenous production was suppressed. Short-term group averages cannot predict an individual response. Hemoglobin increased and HDL cholesterol decreased with higher concentrations. Fat-free mass includes more than muscle. Missing safety information is not a finding of safety. |
Understand the evidence types
Read the model and design first, then the population, outcome and limitations. These categories describe evidence, not a best-compound ranking.
- Randomized human trials
- Compare assigned interventions. Randomization does not by itself establish low bias or relevance to every population.
- Controlled human studies
- Use a comparison group; allocation and confounding still matter.
- Prospective human research
- Follows participants forward. It may be observational or interventional, so this is not a separate quality grade.
- Observational human research
- Describes associations. Confounding can explain differences.
- Case reports and series
- Useful for unusual events and safety signals, not reliable rates or effect sizes.
- Animal research
- Can test biology and function in a living model. Human exposure, benefit and safety remain separate questions.
- Cell and tissue research
- Tests responses in a preparation, including human-derived cells. It is not a human participant trial.
- Mechanistic and computational evidence
- Helps explain or predict a pathway; predictions need experimental and clinical testing.
- Anecdotal reports
- Self-reported experiences can generate questions. Product identity, selection bias and other interventions may be uncontrolled.
Systematic reviews synthesize studies and depend on their quality. Preprint status and abstract versus full-paper reading are separate labels. Citation popularity measures attention, not reliability. A study summary is not a formal quality appraisal.
Keep the evidence dimensions separate
Use the full archive for citation popularity and recency. This map provides model, context, findings and limits from prepared notes. Mechanistic interpretations and community experiences remain in their own views. Neither interest nor plausibility establishes human effectiveness.