Small moleculeBrain & cognition
- Primary research area
- Neurological & cognitive research
- Regulatory status
- See compound-specific sources
- Evidence level
- Human research · indication-specific
- Primary mechanism
- See the source-linked compound overview
Reference profile available · Coverage varies by sectionAlso known as Fonturacetam · Carphedon
What has been observed?
Selected source-linked reading notes, not the complete literature or a pooled conclusion.
Human · Abstract reviewedPhenylpiracetam: what does this study show?
90 patients in a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled add-on study. Reported doses were 100 or 200 mg; schedule, route and duration are not stated in the English abstract.
The report describes lower seizure frequency and improved cognition in patients without epileptiform EEG abnormalities. It did not reduce negative effects of standard antiseizure treatment in 40% of patients.
Limits & adverse findings: The abstract does not give numerical between-group effect sizes. Add-on epilepsy findings do not establish general cognitive enhancement. The abstract does not give numerical between-group effect sizes. Add-on epilepsy findings do not establish general cognitive enhancement.
Open primary source · Read interpretation separatelyExplore outcomes for this compound- Uses & research
The research below distinguishes observed findings from interpretation. [1]
- Known half-life
No source-verified value in this profile yet. A treatment schedule or duration of an effect is not a drug half-life.
Half-life describes how quickly the measured drug concentration falls by half. It does not set a dosing interval.- Evidence & important limits
The abstract does not give numerical between-group effect sizes. Add-on epilepsy findings do not establish general cognitive enhancement. [1]
Safety & evidence boundaries
Source-specific information, not a personal safety clearance or monitoring plan.
The abstract does not give numerical between-group effect sizes. Add-on epilepsy findings do not establish general cognitive enhancement.
Human study: The abstract does not give numerical between-group effect sizes. Add-on epilepsy findings do not establish general cognitive enhancement. Source
Explore safety questions by system
These are literature filters, not claims that this compound causes each effect. A keyword match is not a confirmed adverse reaction.
Interactions, rare harms, long-term effects and reversibility require separate evidence. Do not infer they are absent when the sources here do not address them.
Identity, names & formulations
Canonical compound: Phenylpiracetam · phenylpiracetam
Searchable names: Fonturacetam, Carphedon
Names share a parent research page. Different esters, salts, routes and brands are not assumed to have the same half-life, indication or exposure.
Combination evidence stays attached to the studied combination. It is not automatically assigned to each ingredient.
Understand the evidence types
Read the model and design first, then the population, outcome and limitations. These categories describe evidence, not a best-compound ranking.
- Randomized human trials
- Compare assigned interventions. Randomization does not by itself establish low bias or relevance to every population.
- Controlled human studies
- Use a comparison group; allocation and confounding still matter.
- Prospective human research
- Follows participants forward. It may be observational or interventional, so this is not a separate quality grade.
- Observational human research
- Describes associations. Confounding can explain differences.
- Case reports and series
- Useful for unusual events and safety signals, not reliable rates or effect sizes.
- Animal research
- Can test biology and function in a living model. Human exposure, benefit and safety remain separate questions.
- Cell and tissue research
- Tests responses in a preparation, including human-derived cells. It is not a human participant trial.
- Mechanistic and computational evidence
- Helps explain or predict a pathway; predictions need experimental and clinical testing.
- Anecdotal reports
- Self-reported experiences can generate questions. Product identity, selection bias and other interventions may be uncontrolled.
Systematic reviews synthesize studies and depend on their quality. Preprint status and abstract versus full-paper reading are separate labels. Citation popularity measures attention, not reliability. A study summary is not a formal quality appraisal.