Small moleculeSleep & insomnia
- Primary research area
- Sleep · insomnia
- Regulatory status
- See formulation-specific sources
- Evidence level
- Human randomized trials
- Primary mechanism
- Z-drug hypnotic
Reference profile available · Coverage varies by sectionAlso known as Ambien · Ambien CR
What has been observed?
Selected source-linked reading notes, not the complete literature or a pooled conclusion.
Human · Abstract reviewedZolpidem: what did the insomnia trial show?
1,018 adults aged 18–64 received zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg (669 participants) or placebo (349), on three to seven nights weekly for 24 weeks in a randomized, double-blind trial.
At week 12, the primary patient-rated sleep-help outcome was favorable in 89.8% versus 51.4%. Sleep onset and maintenance reports also improved. Common adverse events included headache, anxiety and sleepiness.
Limits & adverse findings: This is a selected trial summary, not a full literature review or formal quality appraisal. Patient-reported outcomes in adults under 65; these findings are formulation-specific. The historical trial dose is not a current starting-dose recommendation. Separate FDA warnings address serious complex sleep behaviors.
Open primary source · Read interpretation separatelyExplore outcomes for this compound- Uses & research
1,018 adults aged 18–64 received zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg (669 participants) or placebo (349), on three to seven nights weekly for 24 weeks in a randomized, double-blind trial. [1]
- Known half-life
No source-verified value in this profile yet. A treatment schedule or duration of an effect is not a drug half-life.
Half-life describes how quickly the measured drug concentration falls by half. It does not set a dosing interval.- Evidence & important limits
Patient-reported outcomes in adults under 65; these findings are formulation-specific. The historical trial dose is not a current starting-dose recommendation. Separate FDA warnings address serious complex sleep behaviors. [1][2]
Safety & evidence boundaries
Source-specific information, not a personal safety clearance or monitoring plan.
Patient-reported outcomes in adults under 65; these findings are formulation-specific. The historical trial dose is not a current starting-dose recommendation. Separate FDA warnings address serious complex sleep behaviors.
Human study: Patient-reported outcomes in adults under 65; these findings are formulation-specific. The historical trial dose is not a current starting-dose recommendation. Separate FDA warnings address serious complex sleep behaviors. Source
Explore safety questions by system
These are literature filters, not claims that this compound causes each effect. A keyword match is not a confirmed adverse reaction.
Interactions, rare harms, long-term effects and reversibility require separate evidence. Do not infer they are absent when the sources here do not address them.
Identity, names & formulations
Canonical compound: Zolpidem · zolpidem
Searchable names: Ambien, Ambien CR
Names share a parent research page. Different esters, salts, routes and brands are not assumed to have the same half-life, indication or exposure.
Combination evidence stays attached to the studied combination. It is not automatically assigned to each ingredient.
Understand the evidence types
Read the model and design first, then the population, outcome and limitations. These categories describe evidence, not a best-compound ranking.
- Randomized human trials
- Compare assigned interventions. Randomization does not by itself establish low bias or relevance to every population.
- Controlled human studies
- Use a comparison group; allocation and confounding still matter.
- Prospective human research
- Follows participants forward. It may be observational or interventional, so this is not a separate quality grade.
- Observational human research
- Describes associations. Confounding can explain differences.
- Case reports and series
- Useful for unusual events and safety signals, not reliable rates or effect sizes.
- Animal research
- Can test biology and function in a living model. Human exposure, benefit and safety remain separate questions.
- Cell and tissue research
- Tests responses in a preparation, including human-derived cells. It is not a human participant trial.
- Mechanistic and computational evidence
- Helps explain or predict a pathway; predictions need experimental and clinical testing.
- Anecdotal reports
- Self-reported experiences can generate questions. Product identity, selection bias and other interventions may be uncontrolled.
Systematic reviews synthesize studies and depend on their quality. Preprint status and abstract versus full-paper reading are separate labels. Citation popularity measures attention, not reliability. A study summary is not a formal quality appraisal.